The <table>

The <table>

Tables might just be the most versatile format for displaying structured data. They appear everywhere to display information in a way us humans can quickly understand.

Tables in HTML are marked up using the following elements:

  • &lt;table&gt; itself

  • &lt;caption&gt; to represent the title of the table

  • &lt;colgroup&gt; to define a group of columns

  • &lt;thead&gt; to define a set of rows defining the head of the columns

  • &lt;tbody&gt; to group one or more rows as the body

  • &lt;tfoot&gt; to define a set of rows summarizing the columns

  • &lt;tr&gt; to specify markup that comprises one row of a table

  • &lt;th&gt; to define a cell as header of a group of other cells

  • &lt;td&gt; to define a cell of a table that contains data

A simple table may be coded like so:

<table>
  <caption>MLB 2016 Standings</caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Team</th>
      <th>Division</th>
      <th>Wins</th>
      <th>Losses</th>
      <th>Pct</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th>Red Sox</th>
      <td>AL East</td>
      <td>93</td>
      <td>69</td>
      <td>.574</td>
    </tr>
    <!--- Plus many more <tr>s (rows) -->
  </tbody>
</table>

The appearance in most modern browsers looks something like this:

A <table> as it appears in Chrome using [Normalize.css](https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1627410565467/y2poLUPQzn.html)A <table> as it appears in Chrome using Normalize.css

While not visually striking, it does show all of our information succinctly.

The look & feel

It looks pretty cramped. Things start looking better immediately if we add some padding to the cells.

th,
td { padding: 7px 40px; }

With just a little bit of spacing, the table looks way better alreadyWith just a little bit of spacing, the table looks way better already

Adding a light horizontal line between rows is a popular design choice. It can be done by collapsing table borders and adding a bottom border to all &lt;tr&gt; elements.

table { border-collapse: collapse; }
tr { border-bottom: solid 1px #E6E6E6; }

Setting border-collapse: collapse on table specifies that adjacent cells share borders. By default, they have their own distinct borders from each other.

Adding horizontal lines makes it easier to scan across a rowAdding horizontal lines makes it easier to scan across a row

By default, the text inside &lt;th&gt; elements is centered. For headers in the &lt;thead&gt;, forcing them to the left keeps them more in line with the columns they represent.

For headers in the &lt;tbody&gt;, you could argue that there’s no reason they should even be centered in the first place.

th,
td { text-align: left; }

All cells are aligned to the left edgeAll cells are aligned to the left edge

Left-aligned columns are a good default, but there is a strong advantage to right-aligning numerical data: it aligns all of the numbers’ places. The units, tens, hundreds, etc. are all vertically aligned. This makes it easy to compare the magnitude.

In our MLB standings table, columns 3, 4, and 5 contain numerical data. Alignment can be done with the :nth-child() selector.

td:nth-child(3),
td:nth-child(4),
td:nth-child(5) { text-align: right; }

Another good design choice is to align a column’s header with it’s data. This means aligning the same &lt;th&gt; elements in the &lt;thead&gt;.

**th:nth-child(3),
th:nth-child(4),
th:nth-child(5),**
td:nth-child(3),
td:nth-child(4),
td:nth-child(5) { text-align: right; }

Numbers can be more easily compared when their places are alignedNumbers can be more easily compared when their places are aligned

The right-aligned number technique works best when all numbers in the column are shown to the same decimal place. For example, the Pct column is easy to compare because the numbers are all take out to 3 decimal places (thousandths). Imagine if some of them were only taken out to two decimal places and other were taken out to four.

Inconsistent decimal places make comparisons harderInconsistent decimal places make comparisons harder

It’s not as easy to scan down the column and compare one Pct to another. For this reason, no matter the source data, it’s always best to normalize like data.

Another thing that helps align numbers is using a monospace font. The characters in most fonts have varying widths. But in a monospace font, they all have the same width. This way, all places will always line up, even if an “8” is normally wider than a “1”.

td:nth-child(3),
td:nth-child(4),
td:nth-child(5) {
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: 16px;
}

Since our letters and numbers are now using different fonts, notice I increased the font size on the monospace font to be more in line with the proportional font.

Places stay aligned with a monospace fontPlaces stay aligned with a monospace font

Speaking of fonts, unless you specify one, the table (and everything else on your page) will just use the user’s (browser’s) default. If you want to guarantee a nice font, you can use web fonts. This is just personal preference, but I like the Roboto family. Google provides a free service that hosts these, and many more fonts. To use Roboto and Roboto Mono, include this &lt;link&gt; tag in the &lt;head&gt; of your page:

<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto|Roboto+Mono" rel="stylesheet">

Then, in CSS, set the table’s font to Roboto and the number columns to Roboto Mono.

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
  **font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;**
}

td:nth-child(3),
td:nth-child(4),
td:nth-child(5) {
  font-family: 'Roboto Mono', monospace;
  font-size: 16px;
}

Table using Roboto and Roboto MonoTable using Roboto and Roboto Mono

With the rest of the text looking good, that &lt;caption&gt; at the top is starting to look out-of-place. There are a few options here.

The first option is to set CSS like this:

caption {
  caption-side: bottom;
  color: gray;
  text-align: left;
}

This gives it more of a “caption-y” feel.

Table caption at the bottomTable caption at the bottom

But in this case, the &lt;caption&gt; is more of a title. We can give it more of a title feel by increasing the font size. Also, I’m not a fan of centering text unless there’s a pretty good reason.

caption {
  font-size: 30px;
  text-align: left;
}

The caption can be styled to give a more title-like feelThe caption can be styled to give a more title-like feel

The extra padding on the left and right sides of the table aren’t very visually appealing. It is especially apparent now that our caption is left-aligned. We can solve this problem by setting a new padding value for the first and last cells in each row.

tr > :first-child { padding-left: 0; }
tr > :last-child { padding-right: 0; }

Breathing some life into it

The table now looks much better than the browser default. With styles out of the way, let’s focus on making it dynamic and interactive.

You could do this all in vanilla JavaScript, but stuff like this is what view frameworks were made for. You have many options including Angular, Backbone, Ember, and React. In this post, I’ll be using Vue. You can either follow along with Vue, or switch things up to your favorite framework and just use the ideas you read here.

You can add Vue to the page by including this &lt;script&gt; tag near the bottom of the page:

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vue/2.3.4/vue.min.js"></script>

Earlier, I had written the data directly in HTML. But in reality, you’ll probably be pulling your data from a database using an API. Whether that is the case or not, the first step to using JavaScript with tabular data is getting it in JSON.

Then write your JavaScript either in another file that you include or directly on the page within another &lt;script&gt; tag.

new Vue({
  el: 'table',
  data: {
    caption: 'MLB 2016 Standings',
    standings: [
      {
        team: 'Red Sox',
        division: 'AL East',
        wins: 93,
        losses: 69,
      },
      /* Plus many more objects {} */
    ],
  },
});

Notice there is no pct property. That’s because it can be computed from the wins and losses. We don’t need to store it when we can compute it at runtime.

We can now replace our hard-coded HTML table with the following Vue template.

<table>
  <caption>{{ caption }}</caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Team</th>
      <th>Division</th>
      <th>Wins</th>
      <th>Losses</th>
      <th>Pct</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr v-for="team in standings" :key="team.team">
      <th>{{ team.team }}</th>
      <td>{{ team.division }}</td>
      <td>{{ team.wins }}</td>
      <td>{{ team.losses }}</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

We use v-for to loop over the standings array. All of the values in the table so far come straight from JSON. Pct is a little different.

<td>{{ team.wins / (team.wins + team.losses) }}</td>

The win percentage is calculated as the number of wins out of number of games played total.

When Vue parses this template, the result is a table that looks very similar to what we had hard-coded.

But the Pct column needs to be formatted. This can be done with a filter.

new Vue({
  el: 'table',
  **filters: {
    pct(n) {
      return n
        .toFixed(3)
        .toString()
        .substr(1);
    },
  },**
  data: { /* snip */},
});

The filter first fixes the number at 3 decimal places with [.toFixed()](developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaSc..), then converts it to a string with [.toString()](developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaSc..), then cuts off the first character (which is always 0 in this case) with .[substr()](developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaSc..).

Apply this filter in the template like so:

<td>{{ team.wins / (team.wins + team.losses) **| pct** }}</td>

Now the table really does look identical to the hard-coded version. The difference is, this one can be more easily manipulated with Vue or any JavaScript.

This works great, but I always try to avoid doing much calculation right in the template. Your app will be much easier to reason about when you limit the template to simple text interpolation, and do any sort of data manipulation in JavaScript. To achieve this, we’ll use a computed property that takes the raw standings array, and enhances it.

First, rename the standings property to rawStandings.

data: {
    caption: 'MLB 2016 Standings',
    **rawStandings**: [ /* snip */ ]
  },

Then create a computed property that (for right now) just returns this array.

new Vue({
  el: 'table',
  filters: { /* snip */ },
  data: {
    caption: 'MLB 2016 Standings',
    rawStandings: [ /* snip */ ],
  },
  **computed: {
    standings() {
      const standings = this.rawStandings;
      return standings;
    },
  },**
});

Now we can enhance the array in whichever way we like. For starters, we’ll add two new properties:

  • totalGames — will be the sum of wins and losses

  • pct— will the the percentage of wins out of total games played

This can be done by mapping over the rawStandings array and adding properties to each object within it.

standings() {
  const standings = this.rawStandings**.map((team) => {
    team.totalGames = team.wins + team.losses;
    team.pct = team.wins / team.totalGames;
    return team;
  })**;

  return standings;
},

Finally, modify the template to take advantage of the new pct property.

<td>{{ **team.pct** | pct }}</td>

Much better. No more JavaScript in the template.

Another big benefit to using the new standings computed property is that we can sort it any way we want. Why don’t we let the user choose a sorting order by clicking on column headers?

Bind click events to the headers:

<thead>
  <tr>
    <th @click="sortBy('team')">Team</th>
    <th @click="sortBy('division')">Division</th>
    <th @click="sortBy('wins')">Wins</th>
    <th @click="sortBy('losses')">Losses</th>
    <th @click="sortBy('pct')">Pct</th>
  </tr>
</thead>

All of these bindings fire the sortBy() method. It looks like this:

new Vue({
  el: 'table',
  filters: { /* snip */ },
  data: { /* snip */ },
  computed: { /* snip */ },
  **methods: {
    sortBy(key) {
      if (key === this.sortKey) {
        if (this.sortDirection === 'asc') {
          this.sortDirection = 'desc';
        } else {
          this.sortDirection = 'asc';
        }
      } else {
        this.sortDirection = 'asc';
      }

      this.sortKey = key;
    },
  },**
});

Basically, it checks to see whether the table is already sorted by the clicked header. If so, it reverses the sort direction. Otherwise, it resets the sort direction to ascending, then sets the sort key (the property to sort on).

Of course, you will need to initialize sortKey and sortDirection in the data object. These are some safe defaults:

data: {
  caption: 'MLB 2016 Standings',
  **sortKey: null,
  sortDirection: 'asc',**
  rawStandings: [ /* snip */ ],
},

So clicking the headers sets the appropriate sortKey and sortDirection. But how do we actually use these properties?

Luckily, Lodash has a handy [.orderBy()](lodash.com/docs/4.17.4#orderBy) function that accepts an array, a sort key, and a sort direction. We simply apply this function to our values in the computed standings property.

First, make sure to include Lodash before your JavaScript.

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/4.17.4/lodash.min.js"></script>

Then apply Lodash’s .orderBy() function to the standings array in the computed property.

standings() {
  const standings = this.rawStandings.map( /* snip */);

  return **_.orderBy(standings, this.sortKey, this.sortDirection)**;
},

Clicking a table header now sorts the table by that property. Clicking it again reverses the direction. Pretty neat.

Right now when the user hovers over a column header, the cursor becomes the text cursor.

The text cursorThe text cursor

As a UX consideration, since an action is performed when clicking on the header, a better option might be the default cursor. This is the same cursor that appears by default when a user is hovering over a button.

The default cursorThe default cursor

You can set this style in CSS.

thead th { cursor: default; }

How about a total row? It doesn’t completely make sense in this case (MLB standings), but you can imagine a table where it would. We will need 4 new computed properties:

  • leagueWins— sum of all teams’ wins

  • leagueLosses — sum of all teams’ losses

  • leagueGames— sum of leagueWinsand leagueLosses

  • leaguePct— percentage of leagueWinsout of leagueGames

computed: {
    standings() { /* snip */},

    leagueWins() { return this.standings.reduce((acc, cur) => acc + cur.wins, 0); },

    leagueLosses() { return this.standings.reduce((acc, cur) => acc + cur.losses, 0); },

    leagueGames() { return this.leagueWins + this.leagueLosses; },

    leaguePct() { return this.leagueWins / this.leagueGames; },
  },

Notice the use of Array.reduce() above. Starting with 0, it iterates over the standings array and adds the number of wins/losses for each team. Another option would be using Lodash again. Here is the equivalent using Lodash:

leagueWins() { return _.sumBy(this.standings, 'wins'); },

In the template, display these values in a &lt;tfoot&gt; element.

<tbody>
    <tr v-for="team in standings" :key="team.team">
      <!-- snip -->
    </tr>
    **<tfoot>
      <tr>
        <th>League</th>
        <td></td>
        <td>{{ leagueWins }}</td>
        <td>{{ leagueLosses }}</td>
        <td>{{ leaguePct | pct }}</td>
      </tr>
    </tfoot>
**</tbody>

The last row contains totals for the entire leagueThe last row contains totals for the entire league

Again, the total row isn’t exactly useful in this case — the number of wins will always be equal to the number of losses, and the win percentage will always be .500 — but you can imagine a useful total row in other cases.

The last feature we’ll add to this table is a pretty fun one. We’ll change the text color of the win percentage based on its value. High percentages should be more green, percentages in the middle should be more yellow, and lower percentages should be more red.

D3’s scale-chromatic is great for this.

First, include D3 and scale-chromatic before the main script.

<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v4.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3-scale-chromatic.v1.min.js"></script>

Now create a new method. This method accepts a number and returns a color. When you pass in a pct, it will give you the corresponding color.

methods: {
  sortBy(key) { /* snip */ },
  **rdYlGn(n) {
    const rdYlGn = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateRdYlGn)
      .domain(d3.extent(this.standings, d => d.pct));

    return rdYlGn(n);
  },**
},

The new rdYlGn() method sets up a sequential scale that uses the RdYlGr (red, yellow, green) color scheme. It then uses [D3.extent()](github.com/d3/d3-array#extent) to get the mininum and maximum pct values and sets that as the scale’s domain. Finally, it returns the color based on the input number.

Use this method to set the color style on the Pct cells.

<td **:style="{ color: rdYlGn(team.pct) }"**>{{ team.pct | pct }}</td>

The effect looks great, especially when sorting by Pct.

The **Pct** text is colored based on its valueThe Pct text is colored based on its value

The text gets hard to read near the middle where the values are light yellow. To combat this, we can add a text-stroke in CSS to outline the text.

td:nth-child(5) { -webkit-text-stroke: 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); }

The text-stroke is 1 pixel wide and black, but only 20% opaque.

The light text is easier to read with a darker outlineThe light text is easier to read with a darker outline

That’s about it for right now. We have a great looking table with some cool features, that’s easy to enhance with more JavaScript if needed. Here’s the finished product.